The depth of the deepest historical earthquakes     

Beth A. Rees  Emile A. Okal 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1987,125(5):699-715

We useP andS times listed in the International Seismological Summary to relocate 23 historical earthquakes (1927–1963) reported as occurring at or below 670 km. In all cases, our relocated hypocenters are shallower than the starting depths; furthermore, all events converge to 691 km or less, with a precision estimated at ±10 km. This study upholds the results of Stark and Frohlich, who had usedpP–P times of post-WWSSN earthquakes to constrain reliable hypocentral depths to no greater than 684 km. In particular, we reject Rothé's claim that a 1963 event in the vicinity of New Guinea occurred at a depth of more than 780 km.  相似文献   

Structure and dynamics of plate boundaries in the Indian Ocean based on gravity anomalies     

Prof. Dr. H. -G. Kahle  Prof. Dr. M. Talwani 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1981,70(2):429-445

The Indian Ocean has been the site of numerous geophysical investigations which commenced during the International Indian Ocean Expedition. In this paper gravity surveys are reviewed which have been undertaken since this international effort to elucidate the structure and evolution of the most complex of the three major oceans. Particular attention is paid to the interrelationship between the plate boundaries and the gravity field. Some selected boundaries are discussed in the framework of global plate tectonics. These areas comprise the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the Indonesian deep sea trench. In addition the continental margin structure south of India is included which provides some further constraints on the location of the initial break-up of Gondwanaland and consequently bears on pre-drift reconstructions of India and Antarctica.

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Zusammenfassung Der Indische Ozean war das Ziel zahlreicher marinegeophysikalischer Forschungsfahrten, die während der Internationalen Indischen Ozean-Expedition begannen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Schweremeß-Kampagnen beschrieben, die seit dieser Zeit durchgeführt worden sind, um Kenntnis über die Struktur und Entstehung dieses Ozeans zu erhalten. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses steht insbesondere die Beziehung zwischen den Grenzen der Lithosphärenplatten und dem Schwerefeld. Einige ausgewählte Gebiete werden exemplarisch im Rahmen der Plattentektonik diskutiert. Hierzu gehören das Rote Meer, der Golf von Aden und der Indonesische Tiefseegraben. Zusätzlich wird der Kontinentalrand südlich von Indien untersucht, aus dessen Struktur Hinweise auf die ursprüngliche Öffnung Gondwanalands gewonnen werden können und damit Informationen über die Rekonstruktion der Konfiguration Indiens und der Antarktis erhalten werden.

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Résumé L'Océan Indien a été le lieu de nombreuses investigations géophysiques marines qui ont commencé pendant l'Expédition Internationale de l'Océan Indien. Ce travail passe en revue les recherches gravimétriques depuis cet effort international pour elucider la structure et l'évolution du plus complexe des trois grands océans. Une attention particulière s'est tournée vers les formes de relations mutuelles entre les limites de plaques et le champ gravimétrique. Certaines limites choisies font l'objet d'une discussion dans le cadre de la tectonique globale de plaques. Ces régions comprennent la Mer Rouge, le Golfe d'Aden et la Fosse indonésienne. En outre, on y a inclus la structure de la marge continentale de l'Inde méridionale qui apporte quelques autres indications sur la position de la fracture initiale du continent de Gondwana et intéresse par conséquent les reconstitutions de l'Inde et de l'Antarctique avant la dérive.

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Institut für Geodäsie und Photogrammetrie, Separata No. 10.  相似文献   

Virus occurrence in private and public wells in a fractured dolostone aquifer in Canada     

Amy S. Allen  Mark A. Borchardt  Burney A. KiekeJr  Kari E. Dunfield  Beth L. Parker 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(4):1117-1136

Groundwater samples from 22 wells completed in a regional fractured dolostone aquifer in the Guelph region of southern Ontario, Canada, were collected over an 8-month period and analyzed for viruses and Campylobacter jejuni. Only 8% of the 118 samples exhibited viruses at extremely low concentrations, but of the 22 wells sampled, 10 (45%) were positive for human enteric viruses (polyomavirus, adenovirus A, and GII norovirus) including 5 of the 8 public supply wells (62.5%) and 5 of the 11 private wells (45%). Each virus-positive well had only one virus occurrence with six sampling events during the 8-month sampling campaign and only one virus type was detected in each well. The probability of virus detection was positively associated with well open-interval length. Virus concentration (in the wells that were virus-positive) was negatively associated with well depth and open-interval length and positively associated with overburden thickness (i.e., the thickness of unconsolidated materials overlying bedrock facies) and the amount of precipitation 8–14 and 15–21 days prior to the sampling date. The ephemeral nature of the virus detections and the low detection rate on a per sample basis were consistent with previous studies. The percentage of virus-positive wells, however, was much higher than previous studies, but consistent with the fact that the hydrogeologic conditions of fractured bedrock aquifers create wide capture zones and short groundwater travel times to wells making them more vulnerable to contamination occurrence but at very low concentrations.  相似文献